Oxygen minimum zones in the tropical Pacific across CMIP5 models: mean state differences and climate change trends

We analyse simulations of the Pacific Ocean oxygen minimum zones (OMZs) from 11 Earth system model contributions to the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5, focusing on the mean state and climate change projections. The simulations tend to overestimate the volume of the OMZs, especially in the tropics and Southern Hemisphere. Compared to observations, five models introduce incorrect meridional asymmetries in the distribution of oxygen including larger southern OMZ and weaker northern OMZ, due to interhemispheric biases in intermediate water mass ventilation. Seven models show too deep an extent of the tropical hypoxia compared to observations, stemming from a deficient equatorial ventilation in the upper ocean, combined with too large a biologically driven downward flux of particulate organic carbon at depth, caused by particle export from the euphotic layer that is too high and remineralization in the upper ocean that is too weak. At interannual timescales, the dynamics of oxygen in the eastern tropical Pacific OMZ is dominated by biological consumption and linked to natural variability in the Walker circulation. However, under the climate change scenario RCP8.5, all simulations yield small and discrepant changes in oxygen concentration at mid depths in the tropical Pacific by the end of the 21st century due to an almost perfect compensation between warming-related decrease in oxygen saturation and decrease in biological oxygen utilization. Climate change projections are at odds with recent observations that show decreasing oxygen levels at mid depths in the tropical Pacific. Out of the OMZs, all the CMIP5 models predict a decrease of oxygen over most of the surface and deep ocean at low latitudes and over all depths at high latitudes due to an overall slow-down of ventilation and increased temperature

The ceab's marine observatory in the catalan sea : consolidating long time series observations?

Peer Reviewe

Seven years of marine environmental changes monitoring at coastal OOCS stations (Catalan Sea, NW Mediterranean)

Since March 2009 up to the present (more than 7 years now), the Operational Observatory of the Catalan Sea (OOCS; http://www2.ceab.csic.es/ oceans/) remains a witness of persistent marine environmental changes. The OOCS has two fixed observation stations at the head of the Blanes Canyon (200 m depth, 41.66°N; 2.91°E) and at the Blanes bay (20 m depth, 41.67°N; 2.80°E) in the Catalan Sea, NW Mediterranean. At the canyon station, a multi-parametric buoy presently installed delivers high frequency (by 30 min) and multi-parametric oceanographic (i.e. salinity, temperature, chlorophyll, turbidity, as well as light intensity in the PAR range for the upper 50 m depth) and atmospheric (air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and direction and PAR) data. Subsurface photos and videos by an IP high resolution fisheye camera attached to the buoy are also delivered at 4-hour basis. Data and multimedia are transmitted in near real time for public access, via combined GSM/GPRS and 3G connections. At both stations, CTD profiles and water samples (collected for nutrients and picoplankton analyses) are carried out on board a research vessel at fortnightly basis. Numerical simulations along with the time series of in-situ observations show inter-annual seasonality anomalies possibly linked to global environmental changes. The lower-atmosphere and upper-sea environmental time series data collected prove the occurrence of shifting patterns of heat and matter fluxes impacting pelagic and benthic organisms.Peer Reviewe

Factors controlling interannual variability of vertical organic matter export and phytoplankton bloom dynamics – a numerical case-study for the NW Mediterranean Sea

Mid-latitude spring blooms of phytoplankton show considerable year-to-year variability in timing, spatial extent and intensity. It is still unclear to what degree the bloom variability is connected to the magnitude of the vertical flux of organic matter. A coupled three-dimensional hydrodynamic-biogeochemical model is used to relate interannual variability in phytoplankton spring-bloom dynamics to variability in the vertical export of organic matter in the NW Mediterranean Sea. Simulation results from 2001 to 2010, validated against remote-sensing chlorophyll, show marked interannual variability in both timing and shape of the bloom. Model results show a tendency for the bloom to start later after cold and windy winters. However, the onset of the bloom occurs often when the mixed layer is still several hundred metres deep while the heat flux is already approaching zero and turbulent mixing is low. Frequency and intensity of wind episodes control both the timing and development of the bloom and the consequent export flux of organic matter. The wintertime flux is greater than zero and shows relatively low interannual variability. The magnitude of the interannual variability is mainly determined in March when the frequency of windy days positively correlates with the export flux. Frequent wind-driven mixing episodes act to increase the export flux and, at the same time, to interrupt the bloom. Perhaps counterintuitively, our analysis shows that years with discontinuous, low-chlorophyll blooms are likely to have higher export flux than years with intense uninterrupted blooms. The NW Mediterranean shows strong analogy with the North Atlantic section within the same latitude range. Hence, our results may also be applicable to this quantitatively more important area of the world ocean

Thermal impact from a thermoelectric power plant on a tropical coastal lagoon

Tropical coastal areas are sensitive ecosystems to climate change, mainly due to sea level rise and increasing water temperatures. Furthermore, they may be subject to numerous stresses, including heat releases from energy production. The Urias coastal lagoon (SE Gulf of California), a subtropical tidal estuary, receives cooling water releases from a thermoelectric power plant, urban and industrial wastes, and shrimp farm discharges. In order to evaluate the plant thermal impact, we measured synchronous temperature time series close to and far from the plant. Furthermore, in order to discriminate the thermal pollution impact from natural variability, we used a high-resolution hydrodynamic model forced by, amongst others, cooling water release as a continuous flow (7.78 m3 s?1) at 6 °C overheating temperature. Model results and field data indicated that the main thermal impact was temporally restricted to the warmest months, spatially restricted to the surface layers (above 0.6 m) and distributed along the shoreline within ?100 m of the release point. The methodology and results of this study can be extrapolated to tropical coastal lagoons that receive heat discharges.<br/

Evaluación de los límites específicos entre Parthenium hysterophorus y P. glomeratum (Asteraceae-Ambrosiinae): evidencias morfológicas, anatómicas, cromosomáticas y fitoquímicas.

Species boundaries between Parthenium hysterophorus L./P. glomeratum Rollins were examined. Our working hypothesis states that the delimitation of these taxa is based on the dissection of a continuous variation pattern from an elevational cline. We chose a 70 km gradient from 300-3500 m in the Province of Salta (Argentina) where both taxa are sympatric. The study was centred in phenetic analyses of morphological data. In addition, foliar and caulinar anatomy, chromosome numbers and karyotype, and sesquiterpene lactone composition were investigated. Transplant experiments were performed, individuais that occur naturally at high elevations were cultivated at lower ones to analyse the phenetic plasticity of some key characters. Our results indicate that based on morphological and anatomical data no group of specimens can be delimited. The main characters used to recognise both species are significantly correlated with the elevation at which they grow, suggesting a clinal variation. Cytological and phytochemical data show that there is variation among the populations and that no discontinuities can be detected to separate them. Accordingly, it is convenient to consider the studied population as belonging to P. hysterophorus, and P. glomeratum as a synonym of that species.Se evalúan los límites específicos del complejo Parthenium hysterophorum L./P. glomeratum Rollins con la hipótesis de que podría deberse a la disección de un "continuum", representado por una variación clinal en un gradiente altitudinal. Se escogió un gradiente entre 300-3500 m en Salta (Argentina). Se realizó un análisis numérico de coordenadas principales de la variabilidad exomorfológica, se hicieron estudios de anatomía foliar y caulinar, de números cromosomáticos y cariótipos y de lactonas sesquiterpénicas, y se efectuaron experiencias de trasplante. Los resultados indican que no se pueden delimitar grupos significativos sobre la base de los caracteres exomorfológicos y anatómicos. Los caracteres usados para diferenciar las especies están significativamente correlacionados con la altura sobre el mar a la que crecen estas plantas, señalando que se trata de una variación clinal. El experimento de trasplante evidencia que los mismos caracteres muestran una gran plasticidad fenotípica. Los datos citológicos y fitoquímicos indican gran polimorfismo en la población, no encontrándose discontinuidades que permitan separarla. Se considera conveniente tratar a los especímenes estudiados como coespecíficos y pertenecientes a P. hysterophorus, y a P. glomeratum como sinónimo

Investigación, domesticación y educación para el uso sustentable y conservación de la flora nativa del centro de Argentina

Los bosques nativos del Centro Argentino disminuyen rápidamente debido a talas, incendios y expansión agrícola y urbana. Se pierden especies vegetales, entre ellas muchas con valor de uso tradicional o potencial. Se plantea como objetivo global, continuar y profundizar las actividades iniciadas en el Jardín Botánico Gaspar Xuárez sj (JBGXsj), con respecto a conservar, recuperar y domesticar recursos fitogenéticos autóctonos para el uso sustentable, a través de la investigación y la educación. Los sitios naturales en áreas urbanas son valiosos espacios educativos donde muchos ciudadanos toman contacto directo con la naturaleza; tienen un potencial interesante en la formación de líderes ambientales. Se dará continuidad al programa de conservación y enriquecimiento del remanente de Espinal del JBGXsj, valorado como aula verde y como parte integrante del Banco de Germoplasma del JBGXsj. Esta forma de conservación, in situ, permite mantener especies, interacciones y arreglos espaciales típicos. A su vez se conservará ex situ en el Banco, nuevas semillas y plantas vivas de especies del centro del país, priorizando las de valor etnobotánico tradicional o potencial. El material y la información servirán para investigación, propagación y educación. El material se evaluará y caracterizará por peso de 1000 semillas, poder germinativo y viabilidad de semillas almacenadas. Se estudiará la domesticación de especies ecológicamente vulnerables que presenten potencial de uso múltiple, y que además permitan promover sinergia con otros proyectos de investigación en la UCC. Se estudiarán características agronómicas y biológicas para el cultivo intensivo. Se formarán recursos humanos en investigación y técnica, a través de pasantías y talleres. Se desarrollará un programa educativo enfocado a conservación, interpretación ambiental y cambios actitudinales para el desarrollo sustentable. Se motivará y dará conocimiento a docentes y alumnos de instituciones educativas y público en general. Se realizarán visitas guiadas por senderos interpretativos de contenido ecológico, etnobotánico y evolutivo.Fil: Perazzolo, Diana Alicia. Universidad Católica de Córdoba. Facultad de Arquitectura; ArgentinaFil: Eynard, María Cecilia. Universidad Católica de Córdoba. Facultad de Arquitectura; ArgentinaFil: Aráoz, Susana Delicia. Universidad Católica de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias; Argentin

Gateways as inter-modal nodes in different ages: The Venetian region, eighteenth to twentieth centuries

This paper focuses on the theoretical implications of a regional case studyfor the analysis of transportation networks and gateway functions. Thestarting point is the result of a research on the changing role of gateways,and on the relocation of the gateway function from one city to a series ofcities in the Venetian region from the eighteenth to the twentieth century.Against this evolution, I test the validity and usefulness of a definition of thegateway as a point of inter-modal exchange for its historical interpretation.Changing transport technologies involve different organisations of inter-modal exchanges, and imply more or less intense economic functions ofgateway cities. These changes intertwine with political events and deci-sions, and more general economic changes: they could at the same time beread as an effect of these transformations, and as a causal factor. From this perspective, a study of intermodality shows to be useful to shed new lighton specific changes in the structure of urban hierarchie

Climate-driven variability of the Southern Ocean CO2 sink

The Southern Ocean is a major sink of atmospheric CO2, but the nature and magnitude of its variability remains uncertain and debated. Estimates based on observations suggest substantial variability that is not reproduced by process-based ocean models, with increasingly divergent estimates over the past decade. We examine potential constraints on the nature and magnitude of climate-driven variability of the Southern Ocean CO2 sink from observation-based air-sea O2 fluxes. On interannual time scales, the variability in the air-sea fluxes of CO2 and O2 estimated from observations is consistent across the two species and positively correlated with the variability simulated by ocean models. Our analysis suggests that variations in ocean ventilation related to the Southern Annular Mode are responsible for this interannual variability. On decadal time scales, the existence of significant variability in the air-sea CO2 flux estimated from observations also tends to be supported by observation-based estimates of O2 flux variability. However, the large decadal variability in air-sea CO2 flux is absent from ocean models. Our analysis suggests that issues in representing the balance between the thermal and non-thermal components of the CO2 sink and/or insufficient variability in mode water formation might contribute to the lack of decadal variability in the current generation of ocean models. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Heat and carbon uptake in the Southern Ocean: the state of the art and future priorities'

The EC-Earth3 Earth system model for the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 6

The Earth system model EC-Earth3 for contributions to CMIP6 is documented here, with its flexible coupling framework, major model configurations, a methodology for ensuring the simulations are comparable across different high-performance computing (HPC) systems, and with the physical performance of base configurations over the historical period. The variety of possible configurations and sub-models reflects the broad interests in the EC-Earth community. EC-Earth3 key performance metrics demonstrate physical behavior and biases well within the frame known from recent CMIP models. With improved physical and dynamic features, new Earth system model (ESM) components, community tools, and largely improved physical performance compared to the CMIP5 version, EC-Earth3 represents a clear step forward for the only European community ESM. We demonstrate here that EC-Earth3 is suited for a range of tasks in CMIP6 and beyond